If you want to brew espresso like a barista, investing in a flat burr grinder with precise adjustments, durable burrs, and a consistent grind is key. I recommend models with stepless or micro-adjustments, quality stainless steel or titanium burrs, and user-friendly controls. The best grinders balance performance, durability, and ease of maintenance. Stay tuned—I’ll guide you through the top options and what factors to take into account for mastering your espresso grind.
Key Takeaways
- Flat burr grinders provide consistent, uniform grind sizes essential for high-quality espresso extraction.
- Precise stepless adjustments and micro-settings allow fine-tuning for optimal espresso flavor.
- High-quality burr materials like titanium and stainless steel ensure durability and minimal heat transfer.
- Many models feature user-friendly controls, digital timers, and easy maintenance for professional-grade performance.
- Wide grind size ranges and static reduction tech support perfect espresso shots with minimal fines and clumping.
SHARDOR 64mm Burr Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Timer
If you’re serious about brewing the perfect espresso, the SHARDOR 64mm Burr Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Timer is an excellent choice because it offers precise control over grind size and amount. Its 64mm flat burr ensures uniform grinding, preserving flavor and minimizing heat. With 100 adjustable settings, I can easily dial in the perfect grind for any brewing method, from espresso to cold brew. The all-metal chamber feels sturdy, and the anti-static system keeps my workspace tidy. I appreciate the customizable grind times with the LED display, allowing me to perfect each shot with 0.1-second accuracy. It’s reliable, versatile, and easy to clean.
Best For: Coffee enthusiasts who seek precise, versatile grinding capabilities for a variety of brewing methods, especially those aiming for perfect espresso.
Pros:
- Uniform grinding with minimal heat preserves rich flavor profiles.
- Extensive 100 grind settings allow for precise customization from espresso to cold brew.
- Durable all-metal construction and easy cleaning features ensure longevity and convenience.
Cons:
- Slightly larger footprint may require more countertop space.
- Price point might be higher compared to basic grinders.
- Adjustable electronic timer requires some initial setup to perfect grind amounts.
MOKKOM Flat Burr Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Timer
The MOKKOM Flat Burr Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Timer stands out for serious coffee enthusiasts who demand precise, customizable grinding. Its 64mm stainless steel burrs deliver uniform grounds, ensuring rich, balanced flavor. The all-metal body offers durability and a sleek look, while the removable burr and hopper make cleaning simple. With 100 adjustable settings and dual hoppers, it adapts to everything from espresso to French press. The LED display with a 0.1-second timer provides exact control for each brew. Plus, quiet operation and anti-static tech keep your workspace clean and peaceful, making it a top choice for precision grinding at home.
Best For: serious coffee enthusiasts who seek precise, customizable grinding with ease of use and durability.
Pros:
- Uniform grind size for rich, balanced flavor thanks to 64mm stainless steel burrs
- Highly customizable with 100 adjustable grind settings and precise timer controls
- Durable all-metal construction with easy cleaning features and quiet operation
Cons:
- Larger footprint may require more countertop space
- Price point might be higher compared to basic grinders
- Learning curve for mastering the multiple settings and timer options
Baratza Encore ESP Coffee Grinder ZCG495BLK, Black
With its award-winning design and precise micro- and macro-adjustments, the Baratza Encore ESP Coffee Grinder ZCG495BLK, Black stands out as an excellent choice for home baristas seeking consistent espresso quality. Its dual-range adjustment system offers high-resolution micro-steps for espresso and macro-steps for other brewing methods, ensuring versatility. The quick-release burr system simplifies cleaning, and the durable European steel burrs paired with a powerful DC motor guarantee longevity. User-friendly features like a front-mounted pulse button and single-handed hopper twist make operation easy. Backed by a one-year warranty and excellent support, this grinder combines reliability with precision for perfect espresso every time.
Best For: home baristas and coffee enthusiasts seeking precise, versatile grinding for espresso and other brewing methods with durable, easy-to-maintain equipment.
Pros:
- Award-winning design recognized by the Specialty Coffee Association, ensuring quality and reliability
- Dual-range adjustment system with high-resolution micro-steps and macro-steps for versatile brewing options
- Easy cleaning with quick-release burr system and user-friendly features like front-mounted pulse button and hopper twist
Cons:
- May be more expensive than entry-level grinders, which could be a consideration for budget-conscious users
- Limited to one-year warranty, which might not cover long-term wear and tear
- Some users may find the adjustment system complex initially, requiring a learning curve
SHARDOR 64mm Burr Coffee Grinder
Designed for both home baristas and small-scale coffee shops, the SHARDOR 64mm Burr Coffee Grinder offers professional-grade performance with its durable SUS420 stainless steel flat burrs. These burrs guarantee a consistent grind, minimize heat buildup, and preserve coffee aroma. The all-aluminum grinding chamber enhances durability and heat dissipation while reducing static. With 100 programmable grind settings, you can easily customize for espresso, pour-over, or French press. Its sleek LED touchscreen provides intuitive controls, and the anti-static system keeps grounds clump-free. The large hopper and versatile portafilter holder make it ideal for high-volume use, delivering stable, precise grinds every time.
Best For: home baristas and small-scale coffee shops seeking professional-grade, customizable grinding performance in a durable, user-friendly machine.
Pros:
- Consistent grind size with durable SUS420 stainless steel burrs ensuring aroma preservation.
- Intuitive LED touchscreen interface with 100 programmable grind settings for precise customization.
- All-aluminum chamber and anti-static technology promote durability, heat dissipation, and mess-free operation.
Cons:
- The advanced features and programmable options may have a learning curve for beginners.
- Larger hopper and industrial design may take up more space in small kitchens or cafes.
- Higher price point compared to basic grinders, reflecting its professional features and build quality.
KRUPS Precision Burr Coffee Grinder (110W, Stainless Steel)
If you want precise control over your grind size for espresso, the KRUPS Precision Burr Coffee Grinder (110W, Stainless Steel) is an excellent choice. It offers 12 adjustable settings, from coarse to fine, perfect for various brewing methods including espresso, drip, French press, and cold brew. For espresso, use the two finest settings with fresh beans. The grinder’s 8 oz hopper can prepare 2 to 12 cups and features an auto-stop function to prevent overgrinding. Flat metallic burrs guarantee consistent particle size, leading to better flavor extraction. Easy to clean, with a removable top burr, it’s durable and stylish, making it a reliable tool for espresso lovers.
Best For: Coffee enthusiasts seeking precise grind control and versatile brewing options, especially those who enjoy espresso and freshly roasted beans.
Pros:
- 12 adjustable grind settings for customized brewing methods
- Consistent particle size with flat metallic burrs for optimal flavor extraction
- Easy to clean with removable burr and grind chamber, reducing mess
Cons:
- Limited to an 8 oz bean capacity, requiring refilling for large quantities
- 110W motor may be slower for frequent or large-batch grinding
- Plastic components in some parts may affect long-term durability
T64 Single Dose Coffee Grinder
The T64 Single Dose Coffee Grinder stands out for those who prioritize precise control and fresh espresso grounds. Its 64mm titanium-plated stainless steel flat burrs deliver fast, consistent, fluffy grinds with minimal clumping, essential for high-quality extraction. The stepless adjustment dial lets you fine-tune the grind size effortlessly, ensuring ideal espresso results. With a low retention of about 0.1g, it keeps grounds fresh and minimizes waste. Built with a durable cast aluminum body and a powerful 300W motor, it’s designed for long-lasting performance. Weighing around 15 pounds, it includes a single-dose cup and features easy-clean components like a removable chute.
Best For: coffee enthusiasts and baristas seeking precise grind control and fresh espresso grounds with durable, high-quality equipment.
Pros:
- Precise stepless adjustment dial for optimal grind size tuning
- Fast, consistent grinding with minimal clumping thanks to titanium-plated burrs
- Durable build with a heavy-duty cast aluminum body and easy-to-clean features
Cons:
- Heavier weight at approximately 15 pounds may require more storage space
- Single-dose design limits capacity for grinding larger quantities at once
- Higher price point may be a consideration for budget-conscious users
Wancle Burr Coffee Grinder with 28 Settings
For anyone seeking versatile control over their coffee grind, the Wancle Burr Coffee Grinder with 28 settings stands out as an excellent choice. It offers precise adjustments from fine to coarse, making it suitable for espresso, drip, French press, and more. You can grind anywhere from 2 to 12 cups, perfect for personal use or entertaining guests. Its removable parts make cleaning straightforward, and the compact design fits easily into smaller kitchens. High-quality burrs ensure consistent, reliable grinding, helping you extract maximum flavor from your beans. With a simple setup and reliable performance, this grinder is a versatile tool for coffee enthusiasts.
Best For: Coffee enthusiasts who want precise control over grind size for various brewing methods and need a versatile, space-saving grinder suitable for personal use or entertaining guests.
Pros:
- 28 adjustable grind settings for tailored brewing preferences
- Compatible with multiple brewing methods including espresso, drip, and French press
- Compact design with removable parts for easy cleaning and maintenance
Cons:
- May require some time to dial in the perfect grind for specific beans or methods
- Limited to a maximum of 12 cups per grind cycle, which might not suit large gatherings
- Power consumption is 200W, which is standard but may be less efficient than higher wattage models
SHARDOR Conical Burr Espresso Coffee Grinder
The SHARDOR Conical Burr Espresso Coffee Grinder stands out with its precise 40mm stainless steel conical burr, which minimizes heat buildup and preserves coffee oils. It offers 51 grind settings, from espresso to French press, allowing for versatile brewing. The electronic timer adjusts up to 60 seconds in 0.1-second increments, ensuring consistent dosing. Plus, the cup quantification feature helps you select between 1 and 12 cups for perfect portions. Its portafilter cradle makes grinding directly into your espresso basket easy, saving time. With anti-static technology and a residue cleaner, maintenance is straightforward, keeping your grinder clean and efficient.
Best For: Coffee enthusiasts seeking precise grind control and consistent dosing for various brewing methods, especially those who prefer espresso or need adjustable portions.
Pros:
- Precise 40mm stainless steel conical burr minimizes heat and preserves coffee oils for rich flavor.
- 51 adjustable grind settings accommodate a wide range of brewing preferences from espresso to French press.
- Electronic timer and cup quantification ensure consistent, personalized portions with easy operation.
Cons:
- The grinder may be more expensive compared to basic models.
- Slightly larger footprint might not suit very compact kitchen spaces.
- Noise level during grinding could be noticeable for early morning or quiet environments.
Neretva Burr Coffee Grinder, 2-in-1 Espresso & Coffee Bean Grinder
If you’re serious about making café-quality espresso at home, the Neretva Burr Coffee Grinder is a top choice thanks to its advanced 3.0 conical burr technology. It delivers a uniform grind size with less than 15% fines, maximizing flavor extraction. The grinder offers 30 adjustable settings, perfect for espresso, drip, or French press, plus a precise electronic timer for consistent results. Grounds are dispensed directly into portafilters, reducing mess. Its plasma generator minimizes static clumping, and the angled outlet ensures smooth flow. With durable stainless steel burrs and extensive accessories, the Neretva is built for performance and ease of use.
Best For: Coffee enthusiasts and home baristas seeking professional-grade espresso and coffee grinding with customizable settings and minimal mess.
Pros:
- Features upgraded 3.0 conical burr technology for uniform grind size and flavor extraction
- Offers 30 adjustable grind settings suitable for various brewing methods including espresso, drip, and French press
- Includes a precise electronic timer and portafilter holder for consistent, mess-free grinding
Cons:
- Not suitable for Turkish coffee due to grind size limitations
- Slightly higher price point compared to basic grinders
- May require some adjustment time to perfect grind settings for different brews
TIMEMORE Flat Burr Coffee Grinder (064S)
The TIMEMORE Flat Burr Coffee Grinder (064S) stands out with its patented flat burrs, which produce an exceptionally uniform grind ideal for espresso and other brewing methods. Its magnetic alignment container and powder barrel assure precise, smooth operation, while the patented rotary knocker makes cleaning quick and easy. The sensory brushless motor with PID control and Hall sensors delivers stable, quiet performance and a longer lifespan. With stepless coarseness adjustment and adjustable RPM, I can fine-tune grind size and speed for perfect extraction. Designed for versatility, it’s suitable for espresso, pour-over, French Press, and cold brew, making it a reliable choice for home baristas.
Best For: Home baristas and coffee enthusiasts seeking a versatile, precise grinder for a variety of brewing methods including espresso, pour-over, French Press, and cold brew.
Pros:
- Produces a uniform grind ideal for high-quality coffee extraction
- Easy to clean with patented rotary knocker and magnetic components
- Quiet, stable operation thanks to sensory brushless motor with PID control
Cons:
- Slightly higher price point compared to basic grinders
- Requires manual adjustment for different brew styles, which may need some experience
- Limited color options, primarily black, for aesthetic variety
KRUPS Flat Burr Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Settings
For espresso enthusiasts seeking precise control, the KRUPS Flat Burr Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Settings stands out with its 18 grind options, allowing me to fine-tune from ultra-fine to extra-coarse. Its flat metal burrs ensure consistent, even grinds, which translates to better flavor extraction. With a flexible capacity of 2-20 cups and an automatic stop, I can easily brew small or large batches without mess. The removable grind chamber and bean hopper make cleaning straightforward, while the tap lid reduces static and grounds scattering. Overall, this grinder offers reliable precision and convenience, making it a solid choice for achieving barista-quality espresso at home.
Best For: coffee enthusiasts and home baristas seeking precise, customizable grinding options for a variety of brewing methods, especially espresso.
Pros:
- 18 adjustable grind settings for versatile brewing options from ultra-fine to extra-coarse
- Flat metal burrs provide consistent, even grinds for better flavor extraction
- Removable grind chamber and bean hopper make cleaning and loading easy and mess-free
Cons:
- Smaller batch grinding recommended for optimal results, which may be inconvenient for large batches
- Automatic stop feature may limit flexibility if precise timing adjustments are needed
- Static and grounds scattering can occur if the tap lid is not used properly
Fellow Opus Conical Burr Coffee Grinder
Among the top choices for versatile home brewing, the Fellow Opus Conical Burr Coffee Grinder stands out with its 41+ adjustable settings, making it ideal for those who want precise control over their grind size. Its 40 mm stainless steel conical burrs guarantee consistent grinds for everything from espresso to cold brew. The powerful motor provides smooth operation and maximum flavor extraction. Designed with a minimalist aesthetic, it fits neatly on any countertop. Features like volumetric dosing, no-tool calibration, and anti-static technology make it user-friendly and mess-free. Plus, the 2-year warranty offers peace of mind, making the Opus a reliable choice for passionate coffee lovers.
Best For: coffee enthusiasts seeking versatile, precise, and consistent grinding options for a variety of brewing methods at home.
Pros:
- Offers 41+ adjustable grind settings for tailored brewing.
- Features durable 40 mm stainless steel conical burrs for consistent results.
- User-friendly with volumetric dosing, no-tool calibration, and anti-static technology.
Cons:
- Slightly larger footprint may require ample counter space.
- Learning curve for mastering the extensive range of settings.
- Higher price point compared to basic grinders.
AMZCHEF Coffee Grinder with 48 Grind Settings
If you’re serious about achieving perfect espresso at home, the AMZCHEF Coffee Grinder with 48 grind settings is an excellent choice. It features a portafilter holder, a coffee ground container, and a detachable funnel stand for easy use and cleaning. The patented grinding system ensures consistent results across various brewing methods, from espresso to French press. With 48 adjustable settings, you can fine-tune your grind for ideal extraction. The LED touch panel offers clear controls, supporting dosing by cups, time, or shots, while the 40mm stainless steel burr minimizes heat and static. Overall, it’s a durable, user-friendly grinder that preserves coffee flavor.
Best For: coffee enthusiasts and home baristas seeking precise, customizable grinding performance for various brewing methods, especially espresso.
Pros:
- 48 adjustable grind settings for versatile brewing options.
- Patented precise grinding system ensures consistent results.
- User-friendly LED touch control panel with customizable dosing options.
Cons:
- Initial residue may occur during first use, requiring some adjustment.
- Slightly larger footprint due to portafilter and funnel stand compatibility.
- May be more expensive compared to basic grinders with fewer features.
Fellow Gen 2 Ode Brew Grinder, Electric Coffee Burr Grinder with 31 Settings
The Fellow Gen 2 Ode Brew Grinder stands out as an excellent choice for coffee enthusiasts who prioritize precision and versatility in brewing methods other than espresso. Its compact, modern design in matte black fits seamlessly into any kitchen, measuring just under 10 inches tall. With 31 finely tuned grind settings, it’s optimized for pour-over, French press, cold brew, and AeroPress®. The 64mm stainless steel flat burrs ensure consistent, balanced grounds, bringing out complex flavors. Quiet operation, anti-static tech, and a mess-free design make it user-friendly. Overall, Ode Gen 2 offers reliable performance and elegant aesthetics for those seeking a high-quality brew at home.
Best For: coffee enthusiasts seeking a versatile, precise grinder for pour-over, French press, cold brew, and AeroPress® methods who value modern design and quiet operation.
Pros:
- 31 adjustable grind settings for customized brewing options
- Consistent 64mm stainless steel flat burrs enhance flavor clarity and balance
- Quiet, anti-static technology with a clean, mess-free design
Cons:
- Not suitable for espresso grinding needs
- Limited to specific brewing methods, not versatile for all coffee styles
- Slightly larger footprint may not fit in very small kitchens
Huanyu Stainless Steel Electric Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Burr Settings
For home baristas seeking precise control over their coffee grind, the Huanyu Stainless Steel Electric Coffee Grinder with Adjustable Burr Settings offers an excellent solution. It features 8 grind settings with stepless adjustment via a precision dial, perfect for brewing methods from espresso to French press. The 60mm stainless steel flat burr ensures consistent, uniform grounds that boost flavor and aroma. Its multifunctional stainless steel container minimizes spillage and filters coarse particles, while the anti-jumping bean hopper with a light-shielding cover ensures smooth operation. With overload protection and durable construction, this grinder combines efficiency, safety, and customization for a top-tier brewing experience at home.
Best For: home baristas and coffee enthusiasts seeking precise, customizable grinding options for a variety of brewing methods.
Pros:
- Adjustable stepless settings for tailored grind size from espresso to French press
- Consistent, uniform grounds thanks to the 60mm stainless steel flat burr
- Durable construction with overload protection and easy cleaning features
Cons:
- Factory calibration may leave minimal residue requiring adjustment
- Limited capacity of 8oz bean hopper may not suit high-volume brewing needs
- Slightly more complex operation due to stepless adjustment dial for beginners
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Flat Burr Grinder for Espresso
When selecting a flat burr grinder for espresso, I focus on grind consistency and precision to guarantee every shot is perfect. I also consider the quality of the burr material and the range of grind sizes it offers, which are vital for brewing flexibility. Finally, I look at how easy it is to clean and the build’s durability to make sure it lasts over time.
Grind Consistency and Precision
Choosing a flat burr grinder with excellent grind consistency and precision is essential for making great espresso. Uniform particle sizes ensure consistent extraction, which is key to a balanced, flavorful shot. The ability to fine-tune grind adjustments allows me to dial in the perfect espresso grind size easily. Flat burrs minimize variability between grinds, reducing the risk of under- or over-extraction that can ruin the flavor. High-quality grinders maintain stable grind sizes over multiple uses, preserving the coffee’s flavor profile. Additionally, flat burrs help prevent heat buildup during grinding, protecting the delicate aromatic oils that contribute to rich espresso. Overall, precise and consistent grinding results in a more reliable, flavorful shot every time I brew.
Burr Material Quality
The material used for flat burrs directly impacts the grinder’s ability to produce consistent, high-quality espresso grounds over time. High-quality materials like stainless steel and titanium offer excellent durability, resisting chipping and wear, which helps maintain precise particle size for ideal extraction. These materials also have good heat conductivity, reducing static buildup and excessive heat that can alter coffee flavor. Ceramic burrs, though less common, provide superb heat resistance, but they tend to be more brittle and may chip more easily. The choice of burr material influences not just performance but also the grinder’s longevity and maintenance needs. Ultimately, selecting a durable, well-made burr material ensures consistent grind quality, helping you brew espresso that’s rich, balanced, and true to your taste.
Grind Size Range
A flat burr grinder’s grind size range is essential for achieving perfect espresso, as it determines how finely or coarsely the coffee is ground. Ideally, a good grinder offers a range from about 200 to 600 microns, allowing precise adjustments for various extraction needs. The grind size adjustment should be micro- or macro-stepped, giving me the ability to dial in the perfect shot consistently. Consistency at the fine end of the range is vital for maximum flavor, ensuring even extraction and clarity. A versatile grinder that shifts smoothly from very fine espresso grounds to coarser settings for other brewing methods helps prevent over- or under-extraction. This wide, finely tunable range offers better control over flavor and extraction, leading to a more balanced, flavorful espresso.
Ease of Cleaning
When selecting a flat burr grinder for espresso, ease of cleaning is a crucial factor that can save you time and keep your machine performing at its best. Look for models with removable burrs and accessible grinding chambers, making routine cleaning straightforward. Choose grinders with anti-static features or minimal static buildup to reduce grounds sticking inside, speeding up cleanup. Opt for designs that are easy to disassemble without special tools, allowing quick cleaning or part replacement. Having dedicated cleaning tools like brushes can also simplify maintenance, ensuring thorough removal of old grounds. Additionally, select models that minimize residual grounds, which helps keep cleaning quick and effective. Prioritizing these features ensures your grinder stays in top shape with less effort, supporting consistent, high-quality espresso.
Build Durability
Choosing a durable flat burr grinder means prioritizing sturdy construction that can withstand daily use without faltering. Look for models with all-metal bodies, like stainless steel or aluminum, to guarantee longevity and resilience. High-quality burr materials, such as hardened steel or titanium, are essential for maintaining consistent performance and resisting wear over time. A stable, impact-resistant housing helps reduce vibrations and protects internal components during operation. Reinforced parts, including burr mounts and motor housings, prevent breakage from frequent adjustments or intense grinding sessions. Additionally, consider grinders with user-replaceable parts and easy access for cleaning and maintenance. These features not only extend your grinder’s lifespan but also keep it performing at its best, ensuring you get perfect espresso shot after shot.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Burr Size Influence Espresso Grind Consistency?
Burr size plays a vital role in espresso grind consistency because larger burrs tend to produce more uniform particles, which is essential for even extraction. When I use a grinder with bigger burrs, I notice less variation in grind size, leading to a richer, more balanced shot. Smaller burrs often create inconsistent grounds, resulting in uneven extraction and less ideal flavor. So, bigger burrs really help me achieve that perfect espresso.
What Maintenance Routines Maximize Flat Burr Grinder Performance?
Think of my grinder like a finely tuned orchestra—regular maintenance keeps everything harmonious. I clean the burrs weekly with a brush, run grinder cleaning pellets monthly, and replace worn burrs promptly. I also check for clogs and adjust settings as needed. These routines prevent buildup, make certain of consistent grind size, and extend my grinder’s life, helping me brew espresso that’s as smooth and precise as a master barista’s craft.
Can Flat Burr Grinders Adjust for Different Espresso Roast Profiles?
Yes, flat burr grinders can adjust for different espresso roast profiles. I simply tweak the grind size to match the roast’s characteristics—finer for lighter roasts and slightly coarser for darker ones. By experimenting with these settings, I guarantee ideal extraction and flavor. I also pay attention to dose and tamping to fine-tune the shot, making sure each brew highlights the unique qualities of each roast profile.
How Important Is Burr Material for Flavor Extraction?
Burr material is the silent conductor in the symphony of flavor extraction. I believe it’s vital because it influences heat transfer and grind consistency. A high-quality burr, like ceramic or stainless steel, guarantees a uniform grind, preserving essential oils and nuanced flavors. When your burr material harmonizes with your beans, it’s like opening a secret door to richer, more vibrant espresso. So, yes, the material truly matters.
Do Flat Burr Grinders Produce Less Heat During Grinding?
Yes, flat burr grinders tend to produce less heat during grinding compared to conical burrs. I’ve noticed that their design helps maintain a consistent grind and reduces friction, which means less heat transfer to the beans. This is great because it preserves the beans’ flavor and aroma. So, if you’re aiming for a pure, flavorful espresso, flat burr grinders are a smart choice to minimize heat and preserve freshness.
Conclusion
Did you know that a consistent grind size can improve your espresso by up to 30%? Choosing the right flat burr grinder makes all the difference, helping you brew barista-quality espresso at home. Whether you prefer adjustable timers or multiple grind settings, there’s a perfect option out there for you. Invest in a quality grinder, and you’ll notice a significant upgrade in flavor and aroma—making every cup a true masterpiece.
